Non Binding, Lack of Responsibilities

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The pace of negotiations in Conference of Parties (COP21) organized by the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris are repeatedly the same history of previous climate change negotiations. The core of the problem is that every country uses and burns fossil fuels that  rapidly increases global warming through the production of massive carbon. Generally speaking, both developed countries and developing countries should reduce their emissions voluntarily through INDC (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions) as requirement of parties that attend COP 21 required by UNFCCC.

In fact, there is a gap between developed countries and developing countries in terms of carbon emissions production. Developed countries have produced higher emissions than developing countries. Unfortunately, for almost COP held, developed countries have objected to take responsibilities to reduce emissions. As usual, the excuse has referred to politicize common responsibility principle  voiced by developed countries. Kyoto Protocol has failed to reduce emissions, which indicated lack of responsibilities to ratify the protocol. Some countries (developed countries precisely) rejected the Kyoto Protocol because some obligations would bring negative impact for their national interest.

History said that The US and China are ‘hardline’ in climate change negotiations then both countries are the biggest emitter in the world now. In 2001, Bush`s administration rejected the Kyoto Protocol because of  more than 80 percent world citizen freed from commitment reducing emissions. Besides that, China did not take responsibility to reduce emissions. In fact, China has placed themselves as a developing country among G77 which their principle while developing countries only needed to report based on Kyoto Protocol. Today, The US’ Obama administration and China’s Xi  administration have committed to reduce emission by 26 and 20 percent by 2025-2030 through their INDC. However, their commitment should be observed as their manifestation. Ironically, The US and China have been playing an ambitious geopolitics of oil mine control in Middle East and Africa.

The concept of ‘Common But Differentiated Responsibilities’ should become the code of conduct toward developed countries have to contribute to reduce emissions more than developing countries. Kyoto Protocol has expired that this COP should formulate other agreement to replace it. On the other hand, the weakness of this COP is that there is no legally binding. This  is why deadlock usually happen in every  negotiation.

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